Fear’s influence on predator-prey interactions

Abstract

Interactions between animals and their surroundings are essential to the survival and success of individual organisms as well as entire ecosystems. The dynamic relationship between predators and their prey in an ecosystem is referred to as” exploitative interactions.” The relationship between predators and prey is important in shaping the dynamics of an ecosystem and can have a significant impact on predator and prey populations. Predator-prey interactions can take many different forms and are influenced by a variety of factors, including the size and behavior of the predator and prey, the availability of resources, and the presence of other predators and prey species. The fear effect in predator-prey interaction refers to the idea that prey animals may exhibit altered behavior due to the perceived risk of predation. This can include changes in movement patterns, foraging behavior, and reproductive strategies. The fear effect is incorporated into mathematical models recently as it affects the rates of prey reproduction. In this work, we consider the classic two-species predator-prey model, where one of the species is “fearful” of the other when exactly the predation happens.